Gosh, takes dole back in part? (6)
I believe the answer is:
melody
'part?' is the definition.
(part is a kind of melody)
'gosh takes dole back' is the wordplay.
'gosh' becomes 'my' (both are old-fashioned expressions of surprise).
'takes' indicates putting letters inside.
'back' says the letters should be written backwards.
'dole' written backwards gives 'elod'.
'my' going around 'elod' is 'MELODY'.
'in' acts as a link.
(Other definitions for melody that I've seen before include "Agreeable succession of musical sounds" , "Musical line" , "Strain" , "Refrain" , "Air, tune" .)