Charges, having caught us, but the case is thrown out (7)
I believe the answer is:
accuses
'charges' is the definition.
('accuse' can be a synonym of 'charge')
'having caught us but the case is thrown out' is the wordplay.
'having caught' is an insertion indicator.
'but' becomes 'c' (I can't explain this - if you can you should believe this answer much more).
'is thrown' indicates an anagram (letters thrown around).
'out' is an insertion indicator.
'case' is an anagram of 'aces'.
'c' inserted inside 'aces' is 'acces'.
'us' placed inside 'acces' is 'ACCUSES'.
Can you help me to learn more?
(Another definition for accuses that I've seen is " Charges with an offence/crime".)